Pāramitā

A perfection or virtue cultivated on the path to enlightenment. Mahāyāna Buddhism commonly lists six pāramitās, sometimes expanded to ten.

Dāna: Generosity or giving, cultivated as a Buddhist virtue. The first of the six pāramitās trains giving without attachment.
Bodhisattva: A being who seeks awakening for the benefit of all sentient beings. Pāramitās are cultivated as the practices of the bodhisattva path.
Buddhism: A religious and philosophical tradition founded on teachings associated with the Buddha. Pāramitā lists developed within Buddhist accounts of the path to liberation.
Brahmavihāra: Four Buddhist qualities cultivated as boundless states: loving-kindness, compassion, appreciative joy, and equanimity. These are meditative attitudes, whereas pāramitās organize a broader path of cultivation.
Śīla: Ethical conduct and discipline in Buddhist practice. The second pāramitā makes ethical restraint part of the path.
Śūnyatā: The Buddhist teaching that phenomena lack independent, intrinsic existence. Wisdom of emptiness prevents generosity and other virtues from becoming objects of attachment.
Theravāda: A Buddhist tradition grounded in the Pāli canon and prominent in South and Southeast Asia. Theravāda texts preserve a ten-perfection list associated with the bodhisatta path.
Yama and Niyama: Ethical restraints and observances that form the first two limbs of Patañjali’s yoga system. They resemble ethical pāramitās but belong to a distinct Indian path and framework.
Kṣānti: Patience, forbearance, and endurance in Buddhist practice. This pāramitā develops patience with hardship and hostility.
Upāya: Skillful means: adapting teachings and actions to benefit beings in particular circumstances. The ten-perfection lists include skillful means as a way to direct practice toward others’ needs.

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