Parental care in amphibians

Parental care in amphibians comprises behaviors that protect or provision eggs and young, including nest building, transport, guarding, and feeding.

Egg guarding: Behavior in which an animal remains near eggs to defend or maintain them. Some amphibians guard clutches against predators, infection, or drying.
Darwin's frog: A Chilean frog whose males brood developing larvae inside the vocal sac. Males swallow newly hatched tadpoles and release froglets after metamorphosis.
Amphibian: An ectothermic vertebrate group that includes frogs, salamanders, and caecilians. Parental-care strategies vary across all three major amphibian lineages.
Offspring survival: The probability that young survive to a defined developmental or reproductive stage. Protection and provisioning can raise survival where eggs or larvae face severe hazards.
Foam nest: A mass of bubbles produced by some animals to protect eggs or developing young. Frogs such as túngara frogs place eggs in foam that buffers environmental stress.
Surinam toad: An aquatic toad whose embryos develop in pockets embedded in the female's back skin. The female's back becomes a brooding surface for the eggs.
Amphibian egg: An amphibian embryo enclosed in a jelly-rich egg, usually lacking a hard shell. Its vulnerability to drying and disturbance helps shape care behaviors.
Predation: An interaction in which one organism kills and consumes another. Guarding and transport can reduce offspring exposure to predators.
Brooding pouch: A specialized body pocket in which an animal carries or incubates developing offspring. Male marsupial frogs carry eggs in dorsal pouches until development advances.
Gastric-brooding frogs: Extinct Australian frogs whose females incubated offspring in the stomach. They represent an extreme form of internal brooding among amphibians.

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