Paris Agreement

The Paris Agreement is a 2015 international treaty under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. It commits countries to pursue efforts to limit warming and strengthen adaptation through nationally determined climate plans.

Nationally Determined Contribution: A country's climate-action plan submitted under the Paris Agreement, setting its emissions and adaptation goals. These national plans are the treaty's central vehicle for commitments and updates.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change: The 1992 international framework treaty for cooperation on climate change. The Paris Agreement is a treaty adopted under this convention.
Climate change mitigation: Human actions that reduce greenhouse-gas emissions or increase their removal from the atmosphere. Mitigation measures are how countries seek to meet the agreement's temperature goals.
1.5°C global warming: A rise in global average temperature of 1.5°C above preindustrial levels. The agreement calls for pursuing efforts to limit warming to this threshold.
Global climate governance: International institutions and rules for coordinating responses to climate change. The agreement is a central framework within this broader system.
Global Stocktake: A periodic assessment of collective progress toward the Paris Agreement's goals. It measures whether current national action is sufficient and informs stronger future plans.
Kyoto Protocol: A climate treaty that set binding emissions targets for many developed countries. Its differentiated targets contrasted with Paris's system of nationally determined pledges.
Climate change adaptation: Adjustments that reduce harm from climate impacts or make use of potential benefits. The agreement establishes a global goal of strengthening adaptation and resilience.
2°C global warming: A rise in global average temperature of 2°C above preindustrial levels. The agreement sets this as an upper limit to keep warming well below.
Climate litigation: Lawsuits seeking to influence climate policy, emissions, or responsibility for climate harms. Courts have considered the agreement when evaluating governments' climate duties.

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