Partition of the Ottoman Empire

The division of Ottoman territories after the empire’s defeat in World War I among Allied powers and emerging states, formalized through treaties, mandates, and new borders.

Treaty of Sèvres: The 1920 treaty that proposed extensive territorial losses for the Ottoman Empire and international control over parts of Anatolia. It set out the most explicit postwar terms for dividing Ottoman lands, though it was never implemented as written.
British Mandate for Palestine: The League of Nations mandate under which Britain administered Palestine from 1920 to 1948. It placed Palestine under British rule after Ottoman sovereignty ended.
World War I: A global war fought from 1914 to 1918 between the Allied and Central Powers. The Ottoman defeat alongside the Central Powers made the empire’s territorial settlement possible.
Pan-Arabism: A political movement advocating unity or solidarity among Arab peoples and states. Its vision of Arab unity conflicted with the territorial divisions imposed by Allied settlements.
Treaty of Lausanne: The 1923 treaty that recognized the sovereignty and borders of the Republic of Turkey. It replaced the Treaty of Sèvres after Turkish nationalist victories reshaped the settlement.
French Mandate for Syria and Lebanon: The League of Nations mandate under which France governed Syria and Lebanon between the world wars. It established French authority over former Ottoman provinces and helped shape their modern borders.
Ottoman Empire: A state centered in Anatolia that ruled territories across southeastern Europe, western Asia, and North Africa from the fourteenth century to 1922. Its territories and institutions were the object of postwar division.
Zionism: A Jewish national movement supporting self-determination in the historic Land of Israel. Its aims in Palestine intersected with British policy and Arab opposition under the mandate system.
League of Nations mandate: A system under which the League of Nations assigned former Ottoman and German territories to administering powers. Mandates gave Britain and France formal authority over territories claimed during the war.
British Mandate of Mesopotamia: The League of Nations mandate that placed Iraq under British administration after World War I. It consolidated British control over the former Ottoman provinces that became Iraq.

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