Patañjali

Patañjali is the traditionally named author of the Yoga Sūtras, a foundational text of classical Yoga philosophy. His historical identity and the date of the text remain uncertain.

Yoga Sūtras: A collection of concise aphorisms outlining a classical system of Yoga philosophy and practice. This is the work traditionally attributed to Patañjali.
Vyāsa Bhāṣya: An influential commentary on the Yoga Sūtras traditionally attributed to Vyāsa. It shaped the interpretation and transmission of Patañjali’s aphorisms.
Vyāsa: A name associated with the principal early commentary on the Yoga Sūtras and with figures in other Indian traditions. The commentary attributed to Vyāsa became the standard interpretive companion to the text.
Advaita Vedānta: A nondual school of Vedānta that identifies ultimate reality with Brahman and the self with Brahman. Unlike Yoga’s dualism, it ultimately denies a division between consciousness and material reality.
Ashtanga Yoga: The eight-limbed path of ethical discipline, posture, breath control, sense withdrawal, concentration, meditation, and absorption. The Yoga Sūtras organize practice around this eightfold path.
Vācaspati Miśra: A medieval Indian philosopher who wrote influential commentaries on several Hindu philosophical systems. His Tattvavaiśāradī explains the Yoga Sūtras through the Vyāsa Bhāṣya.
Patañjali (grammarian): An ancient Sanskrit grammarian, traditionally associated with the Mahābhāṣya commentary on Pāṇini. This famous namesake is sometimes conflated with the Yoga Sūtras’ traditionally named author.
Buddhist philosophy: A diverse set of philosophical traditions grounded in the teachings of the Buddha. Its analyses of mind and liberation overlap with Yoga while rejecting a permanent self.
Samādhi: A meditative state of deep absorption in which ordinary mental activity is stilled. The text treats this culmination of meditative practice at length.
Bhoja: An eleventh-century Indian king and scholar who composed a commentary on the Yoga Sūtras. His Rājamārtaṇḍa is a notable independent interpretation of the text.

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