Paul Ekman

Paul Ekman is an American psychologist known for research on emotion, facial expression, and deception detection. His work popularized the idea that some facial expressions of emotion are universal.

Silvan Tomkins: Silvan Tomkins was an American psychologist who developed an influential theory of affect and facial expression. Tomkins’s writings helped direct Ekman toward studying facial movements as clues to emotion.
Facial Action Coding System: The Facial Action Coding System classifies visible facial movements by the muscle actions that produce them. Ekman and Friesen created this system to describe facial movement without first assigning an emotion.
Micro Expressions Training Tool: The Micro Expressions Training Tool is a commercial program designed to train recognition of brief facial movements. Ekman’s group developed this training product from its research on microexpressions.
Cultural display rules: Cultural display rules are learned norms governing when and how people show emotion. They qualify universal-expression claims by explaining how culture can shape visible emotional displays.
Wallace V. Friesen: Wallace V. Friesen was an American psychologist who collaborated with Paul Ekman on facial expression and emotion. Friesen co-developed methods and research that supported Ekman’s cross-cultural studies.
Microexpression: A microexpression is a brief, involuntary facial movement that may occur when emotion is concealed. Ekman popularized microexpressions as possible clues to concealed emotion, though their diagnostic value is limited.
Paul Ekman Group: The Paul Ekman Group is a company that provides emotion-recognition training and related services. The company applies Ekman’s methods in training for communication and security settings.
Lisa Feldman Barrett: Lisa Feldman Barrett is an American psychologist known for the theory of constructed emotion. Her account challenges the idea that each basic emotion has a fixed, universally readable facial signature.
Carroll Izard: Carroll Izard was an American psychologist who studied emotion and proposed a set of basic emotions. Izard independently advanced basic-emotion theory alongside Ekman.
Duchenne smile: A Duchenne smile combines mouth-corner movement with contraction around the eyes. Ekman studied this smile as a possible marker of genuine enjoyment.

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