Penstock

A penstock is a pressurized pipe or conduit that carries water from a reservoir or forebay to a hydraulic turbine. Its design controls water delivery while withstanding pressure and water-hammer loads.

Hydraulic head: The energy per unit weight of water, commonly expressed as an equivalent height. The elevation difference driving flow through the penstock supplies the turbine’s available energy.
Intake structure: A structure that admits water from a reservoir, river, or canal into a water conveyance system. It controls the water entering the conveyance route that leads to the penstock.
Hydroelectric power station: A facility that converts the energy of flowing or falling water into electricity. Penstocks are a key water-delivery component in many station layouts.
Headrace tunnel: A tunnel or channel that conveys water toward a hydropower plant, often upstream of a penstock. Unlike a penstock, it is often an open or low-pressure conveyance rather than the final pressure line.
Water hammer: A pressure surge caused when flowing liquid changes velocity rapidly in a closed conduit. Rapid turbine or valve changes can send damaging pressure waves through the penstock.
Forebay: A small reservoir or enlarged channel immediately upstream of a pressurized water conduit. It commonly provides the penstock’s upstream supply and moderates intake flow.
Run-of-the-river hydropower: Hydropower that generates electricity using river flow with little or no large-scale water storage. Its intake-to-turbine route may use a penstock even without a large reservoir.
Tailrace: A channel or tunnel that carries water away from a turbine after energy extraction. It carries discharged water downstream, whereas the penstock carries supply water to the turbine.
Surge tank: A chamber connected to a conduit that absorbs transient flow changes and limits pressure fluctuations. It can reduce water-hammer effects when turbine demand changes suddenly.
Trash rack: A screen placed across a water intake to keep debris out of downstream equipment. It prevents logs and debris from entering and obstructing the penstock or turbine.

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