Perception

Perception is the process by which organisms organize and interpret sensory information to represent objects, events, and their surroundings. It combines sensory input with attention, prior knowledge, and expectations.

Sensation: Sensation is the detection and transduction of physical or chemical stimuli by sensory receptors. It supplies signals that perception organizes into meaningful objects and events.
Sensory system: A sensory system detects particular forms of stimulation and transmits information to the nervous system. Perception depends on the specialized systems that gather its raw signals.
Direct perception: Direct perception is the view that environmental information can specify meaningful properties without extensive inferential construction. It challenges accounts that treat perception as inference from incomplete sensory evidence.
Visual illusion: A visual illusion is a systematic mismatch between visual experience and a relevant physical property or measurement. Illusions expose the rules and assumptions that normally support visual perception.
Affordance: An affordance is an opportunity for action that an environment offers an organism. Perceived objects often appear in terms of the actions they make possible.
Bottom-up and top-down processing: Bottom-up processing builds interpretations from sensory input, while top-down processing uses expectations and prior knowledge. Their interaction explains how sensory evidence and expectations shape perceptual experience.
Visual perception: Visual perception is the interpretation of light-derived signals to represent objects, space, and events. Vision provides a well-studied example of sensory information becoming a scene.
Constructivist perception: Constructivist perception is the view that percepts are actively assembled using sensory data, assumptions, and prior knowledge. It emphasizes interpretive construction rather than direct pickup of environmental structure.
McGurk effect: The McGurk effect is an audiovisual speech illusion in which conflicting lip movements alter perceived speech sounds. It demonstrates that vision can change what a sound seems to be.
Perceptual learning: Perceptual learning is a lasting improvement in sensory discrimination or interpretation through experience. It shows that experience can refine how sensory information is organized.

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