Pericles

Pericles was an Athenian statesman and general who led Athens during much of its fifth-century BCE Golden Age, strengthening its democracy and imperial power.

Aspasia: Aspasia was a prominent woman in fifth-century BCE Athens, associated with Pericles and noted in ancient accounts for her influence and intellect. Ancient writers linked her household and intellectual reputation to Pericles’ political and personal life.
Athenian democracy: Athenian democracy was the system of direct citizen participation in the city-state’s political decisions and public offices. Pericles’ authority operated through democratic institutions, including the Assembly and popular courts.
Parthenon: The Parthenon is a temple on the Athenian Acropolis dedicated to Athena and built in the fifth century BCE. Its construction became the most visible expression of the building program associated with Pericles.
Peloponnesian War: The Peloponnesian War was a prolonged conflict between Athens and Sparta and their allies from 431 to 404 BCE. Pericles’ strategy shaped the war’s opening phase, while his death left Athens without its leading statesman.
Cleisthenes: Cleisthenes was an Athenian reformer whose late sixth-century BCE changes reorganized citizenship and laid foundations for democracy. His institutional reforms created the political framework Pericles later used and expanded.
Cimon: Cimon was an Athenian general and statesman whose aristocratic politics and pro-Spartan outlook rivaled Pericles’ influence. Their rivalry marked the contest between competing approaches to Athenian power and domestic policy.
Deme: A deme was a local civic unit of Attica that registered citizens and organized aspects of Athenian political life. Citizenship and participation rested on local registration in demes, the foundation of democratic membership.
Propylaea: The Propylaea is the monumental entrance to the Athenian Acropolis, constructed in the fifth century BCE. It formed part of the Acropolis works initiated during Pericles’ era, though completed after his death.
Peace of Nicias: The Peace of Nicias was a treaty concluded in 421 BCE that temporarily halted fighting between Athens and Sparta. It followed years of war after Pericles’ death, amid the strategic costs of the policy he had defended.
Battle of Marathon: The Battle of Marathon was a Greek victory over a Persian invasion force in 490 BCE. The victory strengthened Athens’ standing before Pericles’ generation rose to power.

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