Perovskite solar cell

A photovoltaic device that converts light into electricity using a perovskite-structured absorber, commonly a metal-halide semiconductor. Its thin absorber can be deposited by solution processing or vapor-based methods.

Perovskite: A mineral and crystal-structure family with the general formula ABX₃. The absorber's crystal structure belongs to this broader family.
Electron transport layer: A layer that selectively transports electrons while blocking holes in an optoelectronic device. It extracts electrons from the absorber and directs them to a contact.
Tandem solar cell: A solar cell that stacks light absorbers with different band gaps to use a broader range of sunlight. A perovskite layer can complement silicon by absorbing different parts of the solar spectrum.
Crystalline silicon solar cell: A photovoltaic device whose light-absorbing semiconductor is crystalline silicon. Silicon is the incumbent technology and a common partner in tandem designs.
Perovskite solar cell stability: The ability of perovskite photovoltaic devices to retain performance during operation and storage. Heat, moisture, light, and electrical bias can degrade the absorber or surrounding layers.
Metal-halide perovskite: A perovskite-structured compound in which halides occupy the X sites, often paired with metal cations. These compounds form the light-absorbing layer in many high-performing devices.
Hole transport layer: A layer that selectively transports holes while blocking electrons in an optoelectronic device. It helps collect holes without allowing them to recombine with electrons at the contact.
Perovskite–silicon tandem solar cell: A tandem photovoltaic device combining a perovskite top cell with a silicon bottom cell. This design uses the perovskite's tunable band gap to raise silicon-based module output.
Cadmium telluride solar cell: A thin-film photovoltaic device that uses cadmium telluride as its absorber. It offers a mature thin-film comparison for manufacturing and material use.
Lead pollution: Environmental contamination caused by the release and spread of lead into air, water, or soil. Many efficient perovskite absorbers contain lead, raising concerns about leakage and end-of-life handling.

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