Peru–Bolivian Confederation

The Peru–Bolivian Confederation was a union of Bolivia and two Peruvian states from 1836 to 1839, led by Bolivian president Andrés de Santa Cruz.

Andrés de Santa Cruz: A Bolivian political and military leader who served as president of Bolivia and Supreme Protector of the Peru–Bolivian Confederation. As Supreme Protector, he held the confederation’s central executive authority.
Peruvian Civil War of 1834–1835: A struggle among Peruvian military leaders over control of Peru after President Luis José de Orbegoso took office. The conflict enabled Santa Cruz’s intervention in Peru and helped make union possible.
War of the Confederation: A war fought from 1836 to 1839 between the Peru–Bolivian Confederation and its opponents, including Chile and Argentine forces. The war directly tested the confederation’s survival and ended with its defeat.
Peruvian unification: The political goal of maintaining Peru as one unified state rather than dividing it into separate regional governments. The confederation’s division of Peru into two states opposed this centralizing vision.
North Peru: A state formed from northern Peru during the Peru–Bolivian Confederation. It was one of the two Peruvian states joined in the union.
Luis José de Orbegoso: A Peruvian military officer and politician who served as president of Peru from 1833 to 1835. Orbegoso allied with Santa Cruz during the civil war and supported reorganizing Peru.
Chilean invasion of Peru (1837): A military expedition sent by Chile to Peru in 1837 during the War of the Confederation. Its failure showed that the confederation could repel an early Chilean intervention.
Peruvian nationalism: A political movement and identity centered on Peru’s sovereignty and national unity. Opponents portrayed the union as a threat to an independent, unified Peru.
South Peru: A state formed from southern Peru during the Peru–Bolivian Confederation. It joined North Peru and Bolivia as the confederation’s third member.
Agustín Gamarra: A Peruvian military leader and politician who served as president of Peru in the 1820s and 1830s. Gamarra opposed Santa Cruz and became a leading Peruvian adversary of the project.

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