Knowra Peru Peru Peru is a country on South America's western coast, bordered by Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, and the Pacific Ocean. Its territory spans the Andes, Amazon rainforest, and arid Pacific coast.
Norte Chico civilization : A pre-Columbian civilization that flourished along Peru's coast from about 3000 to 1800 BCE. Its monumental settlements show that complex societies arose in Peru earlier than once believed.
Andes : The world's longest continental mountain range, extending along the western edge of South America. The Andes divide Peru into highland basins and shape its climate, settlement, and transport.
Túpac Amaru II : An Indigenous leader who led a major uprising against Spanish colonial rule in Peru from 1780 to 1781. His rebellion became a lasting symbol of resistance to colonial authority.
Machu Picchu : A fifteenth-century Inca settlement in the Peruvian Andes, now a major archaeological site. It is Peru's best-known heritage site and a major destination for international tourism.
Bolivia : A landlocked country in central South America, bordered by Peru, Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina, and Chile. The two countries share highland cultures and Lake Titicaca but differ in political geography.
Inca Empire : A large Andean empire centered in Cusco that expanded across western South America before Spanish conquest. Its political center and much of its territory lay in what is now Peru.
Amazon rainforest : A vast tropical forest spanning the Amazon Basin of South America. Peru's eastern lowlands form part of this forest and contain much of its territory.
José de San Martín : An Argentine-born military leader who helped liberate Argentina, Chile, and Peru from Spanish rule. He proclaimed Peru's independence in Lima in 1821.
Peruvian cuisine : A diverse cuisine shaped by Indigenous ingredients and techniques alongside Spanish, African, Chinese, and Japanese influences. Its regional variety reflects Peru's geography and long history of cultural exchange.
Ecuador : A country on South America's Pacific coast, north of Peru, whose territory includes the Galápagos Islands. Its northern border makes it Peru's neighbor, while its smaller Andean and Amazonian regions offer a useful comparison.
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