Pharisees

The Pharisees were a Jewish movement of the Second Temple period, known for interpreting Jewish law, transmitting oral traditions, and affirming resurrection.

Second Temple Judaism: The diverse forms of Jewish religion and society during the Second Temple period, from the sixth century BCE to 70 CE. The Pharisees were one movement within this wider Jewish world.
Sadducees: A Jewish group of the Second Temple period associated with priestly elites and rejection of resurrection. Their disagreement over resurrection marks a major contrast with Pharisaic teaching.
Hasmonean dynasty: A Jewish ruling dynasty that governed Judea from the second century BCE into the first century BCE. Pharisaic activity is documented amid the dynasty’s struggles over religious and political authority.
Hillel the Elder: A Jewish teacher active around the turn of the first century CE, remembered as a founder of a major rabbinic school. Later tradition associates his school with Pharisaic interpretation and legal debate.
Rabbinic Judaism: The form of Judaism centered on rabbinic interpretation of Torah, developed after the Second Temple’s destruction. Rabbinic Judaism inherited practices and interpretive concerns associated with the Pharisees.
Torah: The foundational Jewish teaching, especially the first five books of the Hebrew Bible and their interpretation. Pharisaic debate centered on how Torah governed everyday life.
Essenes: A Jewish movement of the Second Temple period associated with separatist communities and strict religious observance. Their communal separation differed from Pharisaic participation in broader Jewish society.
Judas Maccabeus: A Jewish priest and military leader who led the revolt against Seleucid rule in the second century BCE. The revolt he led reshaped the Judean society in which the Pharisees emerged.
Shammai: A Jewish teacher active around the turn of the first century CE, remembered as the counterpart to Hillel. The House of Shammai preserves a tradition of legal interpretation linked to Pharisaic circles.
Mishnah: A compilation of Jewish oral legal traditions edited around the beginning of the third century CE. It preserves the kind of legal discussion later associated with Pharisaic traditions.

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