Phonetic transcription

Phonetic transcription represents speech sounds in writing, typically with symbols from a phonetic alphabet. It can record pronunciation in detail or mark only distinctions relevant to a language.

International Phonetic Alphabet: A standardized alphabet for representing speech sounds across languages. Its symbols provide the most widely used notation for phonetic transcription.
Broad transcription: A phonetic transcription that records major sound distinctions while omitting fine pronunciation detail. It favors phonemic contrasts over narrow phonetic detail.
Pronunciation dictionary: A dictionary that provides pronunciations for words, often using phonetic symbols. Phonetic notation lets entries show pronunciations independently of spelling.
Orthography: A language's conventional system for spelling words with written symbols. Spelling represents words through learned conventions, not sound-by-sound transcription.
Phonetics: The study of speech sounds, including their production, transmission, and perception. Phonetic transcription is a tool for recording the sounds phonetics investigates.
Narrow transcription: A phonetic transcription that records fine details of pronunciation, often with diacritics. It shows how transcription can preserve articulatory distinctions omitted by broad notation.
Field linguistics: The documentation and analysis of languages through work with speakers and linguistic data. Transcription records observed pronunciations for analysis and language documentation.
Phonemic transcription: A representation of speech using symbols for a language's contrastive phonemes. Its language-specific focus differs from transcription that records finer phonetic detail.
Phoneme: A language-specific sound category that can distinguish one word from another. Phonemes are the central units represented in broad, language-focused transcription.
Articulatory phonetics: The study of how speech sounds are produced by the vocal tract. Descriptions of place and manner of articulation inform narrow transcription choices.

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