Photogrammetry

Photogrammetry derives measurements, maps, and three-dimensional information from photographs. It uses image geometry and, often, overlapping views to reconstruct the positions and shapes of photographed objects.

Structure from Motion: A method that estimates camera positions and a sparse three-dimensional scene from overlapping images. It jointly recovers camera motion and scene structure from image correspondences.
Aerial Survey: The collection of geographic measurements and imagery from aircraft or other airborne platforms. Overlapping aerial photographs support maps, terrain models, and geographic measurements.
Perspective Projection: The geometric mapping that projects three-dimensional points onto a two-dimensional image through a viewpoint. It is the basic image-formation model behind photographic measurements.
LiDAR: A remote-sensing method that measures distance by timing reflected laser pulses. LiDAR measures range directly, while photogrammetry infers geometry from image correspondences.
Aimé Laussedat: A French military engineer who pioneered the use of photographs for mapping and measurement in the nineteenth century. His experiments helped establish photographic surveying as a practical method.
Bundle Adjustment: An optimization method that refines camera parameters and three-dimensional points to minimize image reprojection error. It improves a reconstruction by making projected points agree across photographs.
Orthophoto: An aerial or satellite image geometrically corrected to have uniform scale and map-like positional accuracy. Photogrammetric rectification removes perspective and terrain-displacement effects from images.
Parallax: The apparent change in an object's position against a background when viewed from different locations. Differences between overlapping views encode depth.
Terrestrial Laser Scanning: A surveying technique that records dense three-dimensional point clouds using ground-based laser scanners. It captures surface geometry with active ranging rather than photographic triangulation.
Albrecht Meydenbauer: A German architect who developed architectural photogrammetry and founded a photographic monument archive. His work applied photographic measurement to documenting buildings and cultural heritage.

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