Photon momentum

Photon momentum is the momentum carried by electromagnetic radiation. For a photon in vacuum, its magnitude equals its energy divided by the speed of light, despite the photon having zero rest mass.

Planck–Einstein relation: The relation stating that a photon’s energy equals Planck’s constant times its frequency. Combining photon energy with momentum links frequency directly to momentum.
Photon: The quantum of the electromagnetic field, carrying energy and momentum and having zero rest mass. Photon momentum is a property of this massless quantum.
Laser cooling: Methods that lower atomic or molecular motion by using interactions with laser light. Repeated photon absorption and emission change atomic momentum and reduce motion.
Abraham–Minkowski controversy: A longstanding debate over the electromagnetic momentum assigned to light inside a material medium. The vacuum relation is unambiguous, while momentum in matter admits distinct field and total-medium descriptions.
de Broglie wavelength: The wavelength associated with a particle, equal to Planck’s constant divided by its momentum. For photons, this relation gives momentum as Planck’s constant divided by wavelength.
Special relativity: The theory describing space, time, and motion when physical laws are invariant for inertial observers. Its energy–momentum relation permits nonzero momentum for particles with zero rest mass.
Optical tweezers: A technique that uses tightly focused light to trap and manipulate microscopic objects. Radiation forces arising from photon momentum hold and move small particles.
Abraham momentum: An electromagnetic momentum density in matter proportional to the energy flux divided by the speed of light squared. It is one proposed field-momentum assignment for light inside a medium.
Radiation pressure: Pressure exerted when electromagnetic radiation transfers momentum to a surface or material. Photon momentum produces a measurable force when light is absorbed or reflected.
Speed of light: The speed at which light propagates in vacuum, denoted by c. Dividing photon energy by this constant gives its momentum magnitude.

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