Physiological phenomena

Physiological phenomena are observable processes and functions of living organisms, including circulation, respiration, digestion, and nerve signaling.

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Homeostasis: The regulation of internal conditions within ranges compatible with life. Physiological functions maintain conditions such as temperature, pH, and blood glucose.
Blood circulation: The movement of blood through the heart and blood vessels to deliver materials and remove wastes. It transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and heat through the body.
Electrocardiography: The recording of electrical activity generated by the heart over time. Its traces provide a noninvasive view of cardiac electrical function.
Anatomy: The study of the structures of organisms and their parts. Anatomy describes structures; physiology concerns what those structures do.
Cell physiology: The study of how cells carry out their functions and interact with their environments. Organism-level processes arise from activities within individual cells.
Gas exchange: The transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and its environment or tissues. It links respiration to oxygen delivery and carbon dioxide removal.
Spirometry: A test that measures the volume and flow of air a person inhales and exhales. It quantifies aspects of pulmonary function and airflow limitation.
Pathophysiology: The study of functional changes associated with disease or injury. It examines disrupted functions against normal physiological operation.
Organ system: A group of organs that work together to perform major functions in an organism. Many physiological phenomena emerge from coordinated activity across multiple organs.
Action potential: A rapid, temporary change in a cell's membrane voltage that can propagate along excitable cells. Nerve and muscle signaling depends on propagated electrical changes.