Picts

The Picts were peoples of northern and eastern Britain in Late Antiquity and the early Middle Ages. Their kingdoms and communities helped form the kingdom of Alba, which became Scotland.

Caledonians: Caledonians were peoples of northern Britain who resisted Roman expansion in the first centuries CE. Roman writers used this name for northern peoples before Picts appear in their accounts.
Pictish stones: Pictish stones are carved monuments in Scotland bearing distinctive symbols, Christian imagery, or both. Their designs provide the most visible evidence of Pictish communities and beliefs.
Dunnichen Stone: The Dunnichen Stone is a carved Pictish monument from Angus, Scotland, depicting symbols and a battle scene. It is often connected to the battle in which Picts defeated Northumbrian forces in 685.
Northumbria: Northumbria was an Anglo-Saxon kingdom in northern England and southeastern Scotland during the early Middle Ages. Its rulers fought Pictish kings and extended power northward before their defeat in 685.
Pictish identity: Pictish identity was the changing sense of collective affiliation associated with the peoples and rulers called Picts. Whether the name described a unified people, a political grouping, or both remains contested.
Late Antiquity: Late Antiquity is the period of transformation between the ancient and medieval worlds, roughly from the third to eighth centuries. Pictish kingdoms emerged during this transition after Roman power in Britain receded.
Pictish symbols: Pictish symbols are recurring abstract and representational motifs carved on stones in northern and eastern Scotland. Their repeated combinations distinguish Pictish carved monuments, though their meanings remain uncertain.
Battle of Dun Nechtain: The Battle of Dun Nechtain was a 685 conflict in which a Pictish force defeated the Northumbrian king Ecgfrith. The victory helped end Northumbrian dominance over parts of northern Britain.
Gaels: The Gaels are peoples associated with Gaelic languages and cultures in Ireland and parts of Scotland. Gaelic language and political influence expanded in the regions where Pictish kingdoms had ruled.
Pictish language classification: Pictish language classification is the effort to determine the language's place among the languages of early Britain. Sparse evidence has produced competing proposals about its relationship to Brittonic and other languages.

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