Pipe flow

Pipe flow is the movement of a liquid or gas through a closed conduit. Its behavior depends on pressure, fluid properties, conduit geometry, and whether flow is laminar or turbulent.

Hagen–Poiseuille equation: An equation giving the pressure-driven flow rate of a Newtonian fluid in steady laminar flow through a circular tube. It quantifies how strongly laminar flow rate depends on pipe radius and fluid viscosity.
Fluid viscosity: A measure of a fluid's resistance to deformation and internal shear. Viscosity controls the strength of frictional effects and the laminar velocity profile.
Pipe network analysis: The calculation of flow rates and pressures throughout interconnected pipes, junctions, and components. It applies pipe-flow relations to systems with multiple branching paths.
Open-channel flow: Liquid flow with a free surface exposed to gas, driven mainly by gravity. Unlike pipe flow, it has a free surface and is not fully bounded by conduit walls.
Laminar–turbulent transition: The change from orderly laminar motion to turbulent motion as flow conditions or disturbances vary. The transition threshold in pipes depends on disturbances as well as Reynolds number.
Darcy–Weisbach equation: An equation relating pipe friction head loss to length, diameter, mean velocity, and a dimensionless friction factor. It provides the standard framework for calculating frictional head loss in pipe flow.
Pressure: The normal force exerted per unit area by a fluid or other material. A pressure difference commonly drives fluid through a pipe.
Pump: A machine that transfers energy to a fluid, commonly to increase its pressure or elevation. Pumps supply energy to overcome pipe friction and elevation changes.
Laminar flow: Fluid motion in orderly layers with limited mixing across streamlines. It is the low-Reynolds-number regime with a predictable pipe velocity profile.
Pipe roughness: The small-scale irregularity of a pipe's internal surface, often represented by an equivalent roughness height. Its effective value can be difficult to determine and strongly affects turbulent friction.

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