Plant tissue culture

Plant tissue culture is the growth of plant cells, tissues, or organs in sterile, nutrient-controlled conditions, usually in vitro. It enables propagation and experimentation from small samples under controlled conditions.

Murashige and Skoog medium: A nutrient-rich formulation widely used to grow plant tissues in vitro. Its mineral salts and vitamins supply the controlled nutrient base used in many cultures.
Micropropagation: The rapid production of many plants from small pieces of parent material in vitro. It applies tissue culture to multiply selected plants at scale.
Plant cell: The basic structural and functional unit of plants, enclosed by a cellulose-rich cell wall. Plant cultures begin with living cells whose walls and physiology shape their behavior in vitro.
Seed propagation: The production of plants by germinating seeds. Unlike tissue culture, it depends on seed formation and often yields genetically variable offspring.
Plant growth regulator: A natural or synthetic compound that alters plant growth and development. Auxin and cytokinin balance helps direct cultured cells toward roots, shoots, or undifferentiated growth.
Meristem culture: The cultivation of a plant's shoot tip or meristematic tissue in sterile conditions. Small meristem explants can yield plants free of some systemic pathogens.
Plant explant: A piece of plant tissue removed for cultivation or experimental study. The explant is the starting material placed onto culture medium.
Vegetative propagation: Plant reproduction through non-seed structures such as stems, roots, or leaves. Tissue culture is a controlled, in vitro form of vegetative propagation.
Somatic embryogenesis: The formation of embryo-like structures from non-reproductive plant cells. It is one route by which cultured cells regenerate complete plants.
Plant genetic transformation: The introduction of genetic material into plant cells to alter or study their traits. Regenerated cultured cells can become whole plants carrying engineered genetic changes.

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