Pleura

The pleura is a double-layered serous membrane surrounding each lung. A thin fluid-filled pleural cavity between its layers lets the lungs move smoothly against the chest wall during breathing.

Visceral pleura: The pleural layer that adheres directly to the surface of a lung. It covers the lung and moves with it as the lung expands.
Lung: A paired respiratory organ where gas exchange occurs between air and blood. The visceral pleura directly covers each lung.
Pleural effusion: An abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity. Excess fluid separates the pleural layers and can restrict lung expansion.
Costal pleura: The part of the parietal pleura lining the inner surfaces of the ribs and intercostal spaces. It covers the chest wall portion of the pleura.
Pericardium: The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels. It surrounds the heart, whereas the pleura surrounds the lungs.
Parietal pleura: The pleural layer lining the inner chest wall, diaphragm, and mediastinum. It follows chest-wall motion, transmitting that movement across the pleural cavity.
Thoracic cavity: The chest compartment enclosed by the ribs, sternum, spine, and diaphragm. The parietal pleura lines part of this cavity's inner surface.
Pneumothorax: The presence of air in the pleural cavity, which can cause partial or complete lung collapse. Air entering the pleural space disrupts the pressure relationship that keeps the lung expanded.
Cervical pleura: The portion of parietal pleura extending above the first rib into the root of the neck. It marks how far the pleural lining reaches beyond the thoracic inlet.
Peritoneum: The serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity and covering many abdominal organs. It is the abdominal counterpart to the pleura's thoracic location.

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