Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War

A war fought from 1409 to 1411 between the Teutonic Order and a Polish–Lithuanian alliance, ending with the Order’s defeat at the Battle of Grunwald.

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Battle of Grunwald: A 1410 battle in which Polish–Lithuanian forces decisively defeated the Teutonic Order’s army. The war’s decisive battle broke the Order’s military dominance, though it did not capture its capital.
Teutonic Order: A Catholic religious and military order founded during the Crusades and established in Prussia. Its expansion into Baltic lands placed it in conflict with Poland and Lithuania.
Jogaila: A Lithuanian grand duke who became King of Poland as Władysław II Jagiełło. As Poland’s king, he commanded the allied campaign against the Order.
First Peace of Thorn: The 1411 treaty that ended the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War. Its modest territorial changes contrasted with the scale of the allied victory.
Cronica conflictus: A near-contemporary Latin account of the 1410 campaign and the Battle of Grunwald. It offers an early narrative of the campaign distinct from later chronicles.
Siege of Marienburg: The 1410 siege of the Teutonic Order’s capital, which Polish–Lithuanian forces failed to capture. The siege explains why victory at Grunwald did not end the war immediately.
Grand Duchy of Lithuania: A medieval state that became one of Europe’s largest political entities under the Gediminid dynasty. Its contested Christianization and control of Samogitia shaped the Order’s claims.
Vytautas the Great: Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1392 to 1430 and a major ruler of medieval eastern Europe. He led Lithuanian forces and helped assemble the coalition at Grunwald.
Treaty of Melno: A 1422 treaty that established a lasting border between the Teutonic Order and Lithuania. It settled the Samogitian dispute that the 1411 settlement had left unresolved.
Jan Matejko: A nineteenth-century Polish painter known for monumental scenes from Polish history. His 1878 painting made Grunwald a powerful image of Polish national memory.