Political globalization

Political globalization is the growing reach and interdependence of political institutions, decisions, and movements across national borders. It links domestic governance to international rules, organizations, and transnational activism.

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Global governance: The collective management of transnational problems through institutions, rules, and cooperation among state and nonstate actors. It names the broader system through which political globalization coordinates action beyond any single state.
Westphalian sovereignty: The principle that states exercise supreme authority within their territories and are formally independent of one another. Political globalization strains this model as institutions and decisions increasingly cross territorial boundaries.
Immanuel Kant: An eighteenth-century German philosopher whose political writings proposed a federation of free states and cosmopolitan rights. His account of peace among republics anticipated enduring debates about political order beyond the nation-state.
Democratic deficit: A perceived gap between the exercise of political power and the democratic accountability of those who wield it. Authority exercised through distant institutions can weaken familiar channels of public oversight.
United Nations: An international organization founded in 1945 to maintain peace, foster cooperation, and advance human rights. Its bodies create forums and rules that connect national governments in global decision-making.
League of Nations: An international organization established after World War I to promote collective security and cooperation. It was an early attempt to organize political cooperation through a standing international institution.
David Held: A British political theorist known for work on globalization, democracy, and cosmopolitan political order. His theories connect global interdependence to questions about democratic accountability.
Global democracy: The idea and practice of extending democratic representation and accountability to global political institutions. It proposes ways to address political decisions whose effects exceed national electorates.
International law: The body of rules and principles governing relations among states and other international actors. It translates cross-border agreements and norms into standards that can constrain state conduct.
Bretton Woods system: The postwar framework of monetary rules and institutions established at the 1944 Bretton Woods Conference. Its institutions helped build durable channels for coordinating economic policy among states.