Pope Gregory XVI

Pope Gregory XVI led the Catholic Church from 1831 to 1846. He defended papal authority, opposed liberal political reforms, and resisted Italian unification.

Mirari Vos: An 1832 papal encyclical condemning religious indifferentism, freedom of conscience, and several liberal political ideas. Gregory XVI used this encyclical to set out his opposition to liberalism and religious pluralism.
Bartolomeo Alberto Cappellari: The birth name of Pope Gregory XVI, who was born in Belluno in 1765. This was Gregory XVI before his election to the papacy.
Giuseppe Mazzini: An Italian nationalist and republican who founded Young Italy and campaigned for a unified republic. Mazzini's revolutionary nationalism directly opposed the political order Gregory XVI sought to preserve.
Liberal Catholicism: A movement seeking to reconcile Catholic belief with political liberties, constitutional government, and modern civil society. Its reform program challenged Gregory XVI's rejection of liberal principles.
Italian unification: The nineteenth-century movement that united the Italian states into a single kingdom in 1861. Gregory XVI resisted the movement that threatened the Papal States and papal temporal power.
Camaldolese: A contemplative branch of the Benedictine tradition founded by Saint Romuald in the eleventh century. Cappellari joined this religious order and took the name Mauro.
Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte: A French politician who became president in 1848 and Emperor Napoleon III in 1852. As president, he sent French troops to suppress the Roman Republic and restore papal rule after Gregory's death.
Roman Republic (1849): A short-lived republic established in Rome in 1849 after Pope Pius IX fled the city. It embodied the republican transformation Gregory XVI had opposed, although it arose after his death.
Papal States: Territories in central Italy ruled by the pope as a temporal sovereign until their annexation by the Kingdom of Italy. Their political survival was a central concern of Gregory XVI's opposition to national and liberal movements.
Benedictine Confederation: A federation of autonomous Benedictine monasteries and congregations united by the Rule of Saint Benedict. Gregory XVI's Camaldolese order belongs to the broader Benedictine tradition.

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