Pope John XXII

Pope from 1316 to 1334, John XXII strengthened papal administration at Avignon and opposed Franciscan claims that Christ and the apostles owned no property.

Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor: Holy Roman Emperor whose conflict with the papacy challenged papal claims to judge imperial legitimacy. John XXII excommunicated Louis and disputed his authority to rule without papal approval.
Avignon Papacy: The period from 1309 to 1377 when the popes resided primarily in Avignon rather than Rome. John XXII governed from Avignon and expanded the papal court’s reach from there.
Franciscan poverty: The ideal that members of the Franciscan order should live without personal or communal property. John XXII rejected the order’s strict account of poverty as a binding Christian doctrine.
Papal monarchy: The system in which the pope exercised supreme governing authority over the Latin Church. John’s appointments, finances, and judgments exemplified the expansion of papal central authority.
Michael of Cesena: Franciscan minister general who defended the order’s claim to practice absolute poverty. His defense of Franciscan poverty brought him into direct conflict with John XXII.
Apostolic Chancery: The papal office responsible for preparing and issuing official documents and letters. Its operations formed part of the administrative machinery John XXII expanded.
Apostolic poverty: The claim that Jesus and the apostles possessed no property, individually or in common. John’s 1323 bull declared the claim heretical, intensifying his conflict with the Franciscans.
Papal States: Territories in central Italy governed by the pope as a temporal ruler. John’s conflict with Louis IV concerned the political independence and authority of the papacy.
William of Ockham: English Franciscan philosopher and theologian who fled Avignon after opposing John XXII. Ockham joined the emperor’s court after the pope condemned Franciscan poverty claims.
Papal reserves: The system by which the pope reserved the right to appoint holders of specified church benefices. John XXII used reservations to increase papal control over appointments and revenues.

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