Knowra Pope John XXIII Pope John XXIII Pope John XXIII can denote either the twentieth-century pope Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli (1958–1963) or the medieval antipope Baldassarre Cossa (1410–1415).
John XXIII : The papal name used by Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli and, earlier, Baldassarre Cossa. This name’s two historical claimants account for the concept’s ambiguity.
Papal conclave : The gathering of cardinals that elects a pope of the Catholic Church. Conclaves elected both Roncalli and Cossa in radically different church crises.
Duns Scotus : A medieval Franciscan philosopher and theologian known for his account of univocity and the Immaculate Conception. John XXIII formally declared Scotus blessed in 1993, decades after Roncalli’s death.
Aggiornamento : The program of renewal and adaptation associated with the Second Vatican Council. Roncalli made this call for renewal a central purpose of his pontificate.
Pope John XXIII (Angelo Roncalli) : The Italian pope who led the Catholic Church from 1958 until his death in 1963. He is the twentieth-century pope associated with this name.
Papal encyclicals : Formal letters issued by a pope, usually addressing Catholic doctrine or church policy. Roncalli used encyclicals to address peace, social justice, and church teaching.
Pope Paul VI : The pope who led the Catholic Church from 1963 to 1978 and continued the Second Vatican Council. Paul VI succeeded Roncalli and guided the council through its final sessions.
Vatican II : The Catholic Church’s twenty-first ecumenical council, which reshaped worship, governance, and relations with other faiths. The council Roncalli convened brought lasting changes to Catholic practice and self-understanding.
Antipope John XXIII : Baldassarre Cossa, whose contested papacy during the Western Schism lasted from 1410 to 1415. He is the medieval claimant who also used the name John XXIII.
Mater et Magistra : A 1961 encyclical by John XXIII on Christianity and social progress. This encyclical shows how Roncalli applied Catholic teaching to economic and social change.
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