Pope Martin V

Pope Martin V reigned from 1417 to 1431 after his election at the Council of Constance. He ended the Western Schism and restored the papacy to Rome.

Western Schism: A division in the Catholic Church from 1378 to 1417, during which rival popes claimed the papacy. Martin V’s election at Constance ended this long contest among rival papal claimants.
Papal conclave: The meeting of cardinals that elects a pope under rules established by the Catholic Church. The conclave at Constance used an unusual electoral arrangement to choose Martin V.
Council of Basel: A church council convened in 1431 that challenged papal authority and pursued reform. It opened in Martin V’s final year and renewed conflict over councils and papal power.
Coluccio Salutati: A Florentine humanist and chancellor whose writings helped shape civic humanism in the late fourteenth century. His earlier defense of Florence against papal claims illuminates the political setting Martin faced in Italy.
Council of Constance: A church council held from 1414 to 1418 that ended the Western Schism and addressed church reform. Its conclave elected Martin V as the council worked to restore a single papacy.
Papal States: Territories in central Italy ruled by the pope as a temporal sovereign until Italian unification. Control of these lands gave Martin a political base for restoring papal government in Rome.
Conciliarism: The view that a general church council can hold authority superior to the pope in certain circumstances. Martin’s restoration of papal authority confronted the council-centered claims that had shaped Constance.
Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor: King of Hungary and later Holy Roman Emperor who helped convene the Council of Constance. His support for the council was central to the political conditions surrounding Martin’s election.
Gregory XII: The Roman-obedience pope from 1406 to 1415, who resigned during the Council of Constance. His resignation helped clear the way for a papal election acceptable to the council.
Rome: The capital of Italy and the historic seat of the bishop of Rome. Martin’s return made Rome the papal residence again after decades of absence.

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