Population decline

Population decline is a decrease over time in the number of people living in a defined area, caused by deaths, emigration, or fewer births than needed to replace the population.

Total fertility rate: The average number of children a woman would bear under current age-specific fertility rates. Low fertility reduces the number of births entering a population.
Dependency ratio: A measure comparing age groups typically outside the workforce with those of working age. Population decline can increase the number of dependents relative to workers.
Japan's demographic crisis: Japan's combination of low fertility, population ageing, and long-term population decrease. Japan is a prominent case of decline without large-scale emigration.
Population growth: An increase over time in the number of people living in a defined area. It is the direct opposite of a population decrease.
Mortality rate: The frequency of deaths in a population over a specified period. Deaths outnumbering births can make a population shrink.
Labor shortage: A condition in which employers cannot find enough workers for available jobs. A smaller working-age population can leave vacancies unfilled.
Eastern Bloc: The group of communist states aligned with the Soviet Union during the Cold War. Several successor states experienced population losses through emigration and low fertility.
Zero population growth: A condition in which a population's size remains stable over a period. Stability differs from decline, even when births and deaths are both low.
Net migration: The difference between the number of people entering and leaving an area. Sustained net emigration directly lowers the area's population.
Rural depopulation: The loss of residents from rural areas over time. It shows how national decline can concentrate in particular settlements.

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