Portugal

Portugal is a country on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe, bordered by Spain and the Atlantic Ocean. Its territory includes the Azores and Madeira.

County of Portugal: A medieval county in the northwest Iberian Peninsula that became the nucleus of the Portuguese kingdom. Its rulers’ independence from León began the political formation of Portugal.
Portuguese Constitution: Portugal’s supreme legal framework, adopted in 1976 after the Carnation Revolution. It defines the republic’s institutions and the autonomy of its island regions.
Portuguese language: A Romance language originating in the western Iberian Peninsula and spoken across several continents. Portugal’s language became a lasting global inheritance of its maritime expansion.
Estado Novo: Portugal’s authoritarian regime, established in 1933 and ended by the Carnation Revolution in 1974. Its censorship and political repression were overturned by the revolution.
Afonso I of Portugal: The first king of Portugal, who ruled from 1139 until 1185. His military and diplomatic campaigns secured Portugal’s recognition as a kingdom.
Assembly of the Republic: Portugal’s unicameral national legislature, elected by proportional representation. It makes laws, approves the budget, and holds the government accountable.
Portuguese Empire: A maritime empire that began in the fifteenth century and connected territories across Africa, Asia, and the Americas. Portuguese voyages created the empire and reshaped the country’s global relationships.
Carnation Revolution: The largely peaceful military coup of 25 April 1974 that ended Portugal’s authoritarian regime. It opened the transition to democracy and accelerated decolonization.
Treaty of Zamora: A 1143 agreement in which Alfonso VII of León and Castile recognized Afonso Henriques as king. It marked a decisive step toward Portugal’s recognized independence.
President of Portugal: Portugal’s head of state, elected by popular vote for a five-year term. The president appoints the prime minister and has defined constitutional powers.

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