Post-glacial rebound

Post-glacial rebound is the slow rise of land after melting ice sheets remove the load that deformed Earth’s crust and mantle. The response continues for thousands of years because the mantle flows slowly.

Glacial isostatic adjustment: The deformation of Earth’s surface and gravity field as ice and water loads change over time. This broader process includes uplift after deglaciation and deformation while ice sheets grow.
Geodesy: The science of measuring Earth’s shape, orientation, gravity field, and changing positions. Geodetic measurements track uplift directly across formerly glaciated regions.
Fennoscandian Shield: A stable region of ancient continental crust in northern Europe, once covered by the Scandinavian Ice Sheet. Its broad uplift pattern is among the clearest records of postglacial rebound.
Postglacial sea-level rise: The rise in global mean sea level following the last glacial maximum as land ice melted. Global ocean rise and regional land uplift can occur simultaneously, producing different local trends.
Glacial isostatic adjustment modelling: Numerical modelling of solid-Earth, gravity, and sea-level responses to changing ice and water loads. Models test which ice histories and mantle structures can reproduce observed rebound.
Isostasy: The gravitational balance between Earth’s lithosphere and the denser, deformable material beneath it. Rebound is the return toward isostatic balance after an ice load is removed.
Global Positioning System: A satellite navigation system that provides precise position and timing measurements worldwide. GPS stations measure the continuing vertical motion of rebounding land.
Hudson Bay: A large inland sea in northeastern Canada, within the former center of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. The land around Hudson Bay is still rising from the former ice load.
Glacial lake outburst flood: A sudden flood caused by the failure of a dam holding back a glacier-fed lake. Rebound altered lake basins and drainage routes during the retreat of ice sheets.
Earth rheology: The study of how Earth materials deform and flow under applied forces over different timescales. Uncertain rheology limits how precisely rebound rates can be predicted.

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