Post-Marxism

Post-Marxism is a political-theoretical current that revises Marxism by rejecting economic and class reductionism and emphasizing contingency, discourse, and political hegemony.

Historical materialism: An approach that explains historical change through material conditions and social relations of production. Post-Marxists challenge accounts that make material relations determine political outcomes.
Articulation (social theory): The contingent linking of social elements into a temporary structure of meaning and political action. Articulation explains how post-Marxist theory understands identities and demands becoming linked.
Ernesto Laclau: An Argentine political theorist known for developing post-Marxist theories of hegemony, discourse, and populism. His work supplied many of post-Marxism’s defining concepts and arguments.
Class reductionism: The explanation of social and political relations primarily or exclusively through class relations. Rejecting this approach marks a central break post-Marxists make with orthodox Marxist analysis.
Radical democracy: A democratic project that extends equality and participation across social relations while preserving political contestation. Mouffe and Laclau develop this project from their account of contingent hegemonic struggles.
Class struggle: Conflict between social classes over power, resources, and the organization of production. Post-Marxism rejects treating class conflict as the sole basis of political identity.
Antagonism (political theory): A relation of conflict in which opposing forces limit or constitute one another. Antagonism describes how political divisions emerge without reducing them to class conflict.
Chantal Mouffe: A Belgian political theorist whose work develops agonistic democracy and a radical democratic politics. Her collaboration with Laclau shaped post-Marxist accounts of pluralism and democratic conflict.
Economic determinism: The view that economic structures determine political, cultural, and social outcomes. Post-Marxism disputes this as a sufficient explanation of political change.
Agonistic democracy: A model of democracy that turns antagonistic enemies into legitimate political adversaries. Mouffe applies post-Marxist theory to democratic conflict and pluralism.

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