Knowra Postoperative nausea and vomiting Postoperative nausea and vomiting Postoperative nausea and vomiting is nausea or vomiting after surgery, commonly associated with anesthetic drugs, patient susceptibility, and perioperative conditions.
Chemoreceptor trigger zone : A brainstem region that detects emetic signals in blood and cerebrospinal fluid and helps initiate vomiting. Signals from drugs and circulating substances can activate this region after anesthesia.
Apfel simplified risk score : A four-factor clinical score estimating adult postoperative nausea and vomiting risk. It combines patient history, sex, smoking status, and planned postoperative opioids to estimate risk.
Nausea : An unpleasant sensation associated with the urge to vomit, which may occur without vomiting. Nausea is the subjective symptom included in the condition, even when emesis does not occur.
Postoperative nausea and vomiting treatment : Interventions given after symptoms begin to relieve postoperative nausea or stop vomiting. Rescue treatment addresses established symptoms, unlike prophylaxis given before they develop.
Vomiting center : A brainstem network that coordinates the muscular and autonomic responses producing vomiting. It integrates emetic inputs and organizes the final response.
PONV prophylaxis : Preventive measures used before or during surgery to reduce postoperative nausea and vomiting. Risk-stratified prevention may combine antiemetics with changes to anesthetic technique.
Vomiting : The forceful expulsion of stomach contents through the mouth, coordinated by brainstem pathways. Vomiting is the observable event that may accompany postoperative nausea.
Postoperative delirium : An acute disturbance in attention and cognition arising after surgery, with fluctuating mental status. It is a separate postoperative complication, not an emetic symptom, despite overlapping care settings.
Serotonin 5-HT3 receptor : An ion-channel receptor activated by serotonin in neural pathways involved in nausea and vomiting. Surgical and anesthetic stimuli can promote serotonin signaling that antiemetic drugs block.
Ondansetron : A selective serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist used to prevent and treat nausea and vomiting. It is a commonly used antiemetic option for perioperative prevention and rescue.
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