Potter Stewart

Potter Stewart was an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court from 1958 to 1981. His opinions addressed criminal procedure, privacy, and freedom of speech.

Jacobellis v. Ohio: A 1964 Supreme Court case overturning an obscenity conviction and articulating Stewart’s famous test for hard-core pornography. Stewart’s concurrence supplied the phrase “I know it when I see it” on obscenity.
Earl Warren: The 14th chief justice of the United States, who led the Supreme Court from 1953 to 1969. Stewart served on the Court during Warren’s transformative chief justiceship.
Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution: The constitutional provision prohibiting unreasonable searches and seizures and setting conditions for warrants. Stewart’s search-and-seizure opinions interpreted its protections in changing circumstances.
Hugo Black: A Supreme Court justice from 1937 to 1971 known for textualist readings of the Constitution and strong civil-liberties protections. Black’s categorical constitutional approach contrasted with Stewart’s more case-specific reasoning.
Katz v. United States: A 1967 Supreme Court case holding that the Fourth Amendment protects people’s reasonable expectations of privacy. Stewart wrote the majority opinion extending search protections beyond physical trespass.
Warren Burger: The 15th chief justice of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1986. Burger presided over the Court for most of Stewart’s tenure after Warren retired.
Reasonable expectation of privacy: A Fourth Amendment standard asking whether a person’s privacy expectation is one society recognizes as reasonable. Katz v. United States made this standard central to Stewart’s account of a search.
William O. Douglas: A Supreme Court justice from 1939 to 1975 known for expansive civil-liberties opinions and the longest tenure in Court history. Douglas often advanced broader rights claims than Stewart’s narrower opinions.
Gideon v. Wainwright: A 1963 Supreme Court case requiring states to provide lawyers to indigent defendants charged with serious crimes. Stewart joined the unanimous ruling that strengthened the right to counsel.
John Paul Stevens: An associate justice of the United States Supreme Court from 1975 to 2010. Stevens succeeded Stewart in 1981, continuing a long-serving moderate presence on the Court.

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