Power-flow study

A steady-state calculation of an electrical power system that determines bus voltages, power flows, and losses from specified generation and load conditions.

Bus (power systems): A network node where generators, loads, and transmission elements connect in an electrical power system. Power-flow equations assign voltage and power conditions to each bus.
Transmission line: An electrical conductor system that transfers power between substations or network buses. Its impedance determines how voltage differences produce line flows and losses.
Contingency analysis: An assessment of how a power system performs after a component outage or other disturbance. Repeated power-flow solutions reveal the effects of outages on voltages and flows.
Short-circuit study: An analysis that calculates fault currents and voltages during electrical short circuits. It studies transient fault conditions rather than the normal steady-state operating point.
Power-flow equations: Nonlinear equations relating bus voltage magnitudes and angles to active and reactive power injections. These equations are solved to obtain the study’s steady-state operating point.
Admittance matrix: A matrix representing the current-voltage relationships of an electrical network at its buses. It compactly encodes the network topology and branch electrical parameters.
Optimal power flow: An optimization that chooses power-system controls to minimize an objective while satisfying network constraints. Unlike a plain study, it selects operating controls rather than merely evaluating specified ones.
Electromagnetic transient simulation: A time-domain simulation of fast electromagnetic behavior in power-system components and networks. It resolves rapid waveform changes that steady-state power flow omits.
Newton–Raphson method: An iterative numerical method that solves nonlinear equations by repeatedly applying local linear approximations. It is a standard way to solve the nonlinear power-flow equations.
Generator (electricity): A machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. Generator outputs provide specified active or reactive injections at selected buses.

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