Power-to-X

Power-to-X is a set of processes that converts electricity into other energy carriers or products, including hydrogen, synthetic fuels, and chemicals. It can store renewable electricity in forms usable beyond the electric grid.

Water electrolysis: A process that uses electricity to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. It is the main route from electricity to hydrogen, a common Power-to-X starting point.
Green hydrogen: Hydrogen produced by water electrolysis powered by renewable electricity. It is a principal Power-to-X product and a feedstock for further conversions.
Renewable energy: Energy from sources that replenish naturally on human timescales, such as wind and sunlight. Its variable supply often creates the surplus electricity that Power-to-X can absorb.
Direct electrification: The use of electricity directly to provide services such as heating, transport, or industrial work. It avoids conversion losses where equipment can use electricity directly.
Power grid: An interconnected system that generates, transmits, and distributes electrical power. Flexible electrolysis can provide a controllable demand for variable grid electricity.
Proton-exchange membrane electrolysis: Water electrolysis using a solid polymer membrane to conduct protons between electrodes. Its flexible operation can pair electrolyzers with variable renewable electricity.
E-methane: Synthetic methane produced from hydrogen and a carbon source, usually carbon dioxide. It can use gas infrastructure while storing renewable electricity in chemical form.
Hydrogen: A chemical element that exists as a diatomic gas and serves as an energy carrier and industrial feedstock. Many Power-to-X pathways use hydrogen as an intermediate molecule.
Battery electric vehicle: A vehicle propelled by an electric motor powered by rechargeable batteries. For many road journeys, batteries use electricity more efficiently than synthetic fuels.
Grid balancing: The continuous matching of electricity supply and demand to maintain stable grid operation. Electrolyzers can adjust consumption as renewable output and grid conditions change.

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