Predator avoidance

Predator avoidance comprises behaviors that reduce an animal’s chance of being detected, attacked, or eaten by predators.

Crypsis: Concealment through traits or behaviors that make an organism difficult to detect. Matching surroundings or remaining still can keep prey from entering a predator’s notice.
Refuge: A place or condition that reduces exposure to a threat. Burrows, vegetation, and other refuges limit predators’ access to prey.
Predation: An interaction in which one organism kills and consumes another. Avoidance behaviors evolve within the ecological relationship between predator and prey.
Landscape of fear: A spatial pattern of perceived predation risk that influences how animals use a landscape. Avoidance can make prey use safer places differently from riskier ones.
Aposematism: Warning signals that advertise an organism’s defenses or unprofitability to potential predators. Unlike concealment, conspicuous signals can deter attack by making prey recognizable as costly.
Vigilance: The monitoring of surroundings for threats or other relevant events. Watching for predators helps prey detect danger early enough to respond.
Predator: An organism that hunts, kills, and consumes other organisms. A predator’s sensory abilities and hunting strategy shape which defenses can work.
Non-consumptive effects: Effects of predators on prey that occur without the prey being killed or eaten. Predator presence can alter prey behavior even when attacks do not occur.
Mimicry: The resemblance of one organism to another organism or object, often affecting interactions with predators. Resemblance can make prey seem dangerous, inedible, or less worth pursuing.
Group living: A social arrangement in which individuals live or move together. Groups can improve threat detection and reduce the odds that any one individual is attacked.

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