Primary cilium

A usually nonmotile, microtubule-based projection extending from many vertebrate cells. It organizes sensory and signaling proteins, allowing cells to detect and respond to signals.

Axoneme: The internal microtubule scaffold of a cilium or flagellum, extending from its basal body. Its nine outer microtubule doublets form the primary cilium’s characteristic scaffold.
Centriole: A cylindrical structure made of microtubules that helps organize centrosomes and can form a ciliary basal body. The older centriole can dock at the cell surface and seed cilium assembly.
Ciliopathy: A genetic disorder caused by dysfunction of cilia or proteins required for their formation or function. Primary cilia defects underlie a broad class of developmental and organ diseases.
Motile cilium: A cilium with an axoneme and associated machinery that produces coordinated beating. Unlike most primary cilia, motile cilia generate movement rather than chiefly sensing signals.
Ciliogenesis: The process by which a cell assembles a cilium from a basal body. It describes how a primary cilium grows from a docked mother centriole.
Transition zone: The ciliary region between the basal body and axoneme that regulates entry of proteins into the cilium. Its molecular gate helps maintain the cilium’s distinct protein composition.
Basal body: A microtubule-based structure that anchors a cilium or flagellum and organizes its axoneme. It anchors the primary cilium and templates its microtubule scaffold.
Polycystic kidney disease: A disorder in which fluid-filled cysts develop in the kidneys, sometimes as part of a multisystem genetic disease. Mutations in cilia-associated proteins can cause inherited forms of this disease.
Flagellum: A long cellular appendage whose beating or rotation propels a cell or moves fluid. The sperm flagellum shares a microtubule-based design but is specialized for motility.
Cell cycle: The sequence of growth and division stages through which a cell reproduces. Primary cilia commonly assemble in nondividing or slowly dividing cells and are resorbed before mitosis.

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