Print culture

Print culture is the system of producing and circulating texts through printing and publishing. It shapes how information is reproduced, distributed, and encountered.

Printing press: A machine that transfers ink from a prepared surface onto paper or another material. It enabled the repeated production of texts that anchors print culture.
Johannes Gutenberg: A German printer associated with the development of movable-type printing in Europe during the fifteenth century. His workshop became a landmark in European print production.
Protestant Reformation: A sixteenth-century movement that challenged Catholic authority and produced lasting divisions within Western Christianity. Printed pamphlets and translations helped Reformation arguments travel rapidly.
Oral tradition: The transmission of knowledge, stories, and practices through spoken performance and memory. Oral transmission depends on performance and recollection rather than fixed printed copies.
Movable type: Reusable individual pieces bearing letters or symbols, arranged to compose a page for printing. Its rearrangement made composing and reprinting pages more flexible.
Gutenberg Bible: A Latin Bible printed in Mainz in the mid-fifteenth century, among the earliest major books produced with European movable type. It demonstrates the scale and craftsmanship of early European printing.
Scientific Revolution: A period of major changes in European natural philosophy and scientific practice from the sixteenth through seventeenth centuries. Printed books and journals helped circulate observations and arguments across distances.
Electronic publishing: The production and distribution of texts in digital formats through electronic devices and networks. Digital distribution changes the material and logistical conditions of textual circulation.
Publishing: The process of selecting, preparing, producing, and distributing works for public access. Publishers connect printed production to the circulation of texts.
Manuscript culture: The production and circulation of texts through handwritten copying. Printing altered practices previously shaped by copying texts by hand.

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