Procedural programming

Procedural programming is a paradigm that organizes programs as sequences of procedures operating on data. Procedures group instructions into reusable units that can be called as a program runs.

Procedure (computer science): A named unit of instructions that can be invoked from other parts of a program. Procedures are the central units that structure a procedural program.
Programming language: A formal language used to express instructions and computations for a computer. Procedural programming is expressed through programming languages with procedural constructs.
Object-oriented programming: A programming paradigm that organizes software around objects combining state and behavior. It groups behavior with objects, unlike procedural code's emphasis on procedures.
FORTRAN: A programming language created at IBM in the 1950s for scientific and engineering computation. FORTRAN helped establish practical high-level programming built around procedures and control flow.
Systems programming: Programming focused on software that manages hardware resources or provides core services to other software. Procedural languages such as C are commonly used to build operating systems and low-level tools.
Control flow: The order in which a program's instructions are executed. Branches and loops determine how execution moves between procedural instructions.
Algorithm: A finite, well-defined sequence of steps for solving a problem or performing a computation. Procedures often encode algorithms as executable sequences of steps.
Functional programming: A programming paradigm that builds computation from function evaluation and emphasizes avoiding mutable state. Its emphasis on function composition and limited mutation contrasts with common procedural state changes.
ALGOL: A family of programming languages that shaped structured syntax and block-based control constructs. ALGOL formalized structured constructs later central to procedural programming.
Shell script: A sequence of commands interpreted by a command-line shell to automate tasks. Shell scripts arrange commands and control flow procedurally to automate system work.

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