Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil)

The 1889 military-led overthrow of Brazil’s monarchy that ended the Brazilian Empire and established a republic.

Deodoro da Fonseca: A Brazilian marshal who led the military movement that overthrew the monarchy and became the republic’s first president. His actions in Rio de Janeiro turned a coup into the proclamation of a republic.
Abolition of slavery in Brazil: The legal ending of slavery in Brazil, completed by the Golden Law of 1888. Abolition alienated slaveholding elites without securing broad support for the monarchy.
Benjamin Constant Botelho de Magalhães: A Brazilian military officer and positivist who helped organize the republican movement within the army. He persuaded officers and Deodoro to support action against the monarchy.
First Brazilian Republic: The Brazilian political period from the republic’s establishment in 1889 to the Revolution of 1930. It was the regime created by the proclamation and lasted until 1930.
Pedro II of Brazil: Brazil’s second and last emperor, whose reign lasted from 1831 to 1889. His deposition ended the imperial system the movement sought to replace.
Brazilian Republican Party: A political organization founded in 1873 that advocated replacing Brazil’s monarchy with a republic. Its republican campaign supplied an organized civilian movement alongside military opposition.
Quintino Bocaiúva: A Brazilian journalist and republican politician who became a leading civilian figure in the early republic. He connected republican organizers to the political settlement after the overthrow.
Brazilian Constitution of 1891: The constitution adopted in Brazil in 1891, establishing a federal republic and separating church and state. Its provisions translated the proclamation’s republican principles into law.
Brazilian Empire: The constitutional monarchy that governed Brazil from independence in 1822 until the republic’s establishment in 1889. The proclamation brought this state to an abrupt end.
Military question (Brazil): A crisis in the 1880s over military officers’ autonomy, political speech, and treatment by the imperial government. The dispute sharpened military resentment toward the monarchy before the coup.

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