Pronunciation

Pronunciation is the way a word or language is spoken, including its sounds, stress, rhythm, and intonation. It varies across speakers, regions, and speaking situations.

Phonetics: The study of speech sounds as physical events, including how they are produced, transmitted, and heard. It describes the physical sound details that pronunciation comprises.
Articulatory phonetics: The study of how speech organs create speech sounds through their movements and positions. It explains how the tongue, lips, and vocal folds produce pronunciations.
Orthography: The conventional writing system used to represent a language. Spelling can suggest pronunciation but often fails to represent it consistently.
Second-language acquisition: The processes through which people learn a language after their first language. Learners adapt unfamiliar sound categories and pronunciation patterns.
Language ideology: Beliefs about language that connect particular ways of speaking with social values and identities. Ideas about correct pronunciation often reflect social judgments rather than linguistic facts.
Phoneme: A contrastive sound category that can distinguish words in a language. Pronunciation choices can change which phonemes listeners perceive.
Acoustic phonetics: The study of the physical properties of speech sounds as sound waves. It measures the acoustic cues that distinguish spoken sounds.
Accent: A patterned way of speaking associated with a person, region, or social group. Accent is a systematic source of pronunciation variation.
Minimal pair: Two words differing in one sound and meaning, such as English pin and bin. Minimal pairs help test whether a pronunciation distinction is understood.
Intelligibility: The degree to which a listener can understand a speaker's message. Pronunciation differences matter most when they impede understanding.

Linked from 4 pages