Property dualism

Property dualism is the metaphysical view that reality contains two fundamentally different kinds of properties, typically mental and physical properties. Mental properties are not reducible to physical properties, though they may depend on them.

Mental property: A property of conscious experience or thought, such as feeling pain or believing a proposition. Mental properties are the nonphysical properties property dualism treats as irreducible.
Physicalism: The view that everything is physical or ultimately grounded in the physical. Physicalism denies the irreducible mental properties central to property dualism.
David Chalmers: An Australian philosopher known for arguments that consciousness is not explained by physical accounts alone. His work revived property dualism as a prominent response to physicalist explanations of consciousness.
Hard problem of consciousness: The problem of explaining why and how physical processes are accompanied by subjective experience. Property dualism treats subjective experience as evidence that physical explanation leaves something out.
Physical property: A property describable in physical terms, such as mass, location, or electrical charge. Physical properties form the other category in the standard mental–physical division.
Substance dualism: The view that mind and matter are distinct kinds of substances. Unlike property dualism, it posits a distinct mental substance rather than only distinct properties.
Frank Jackson: An Australian philosopher known for the knowledge argument against physicalism. His thought experiment about Mary challenges the claim that physical facts exhaust all facts.
Qualia: The subjective qualities of experience, such as the felt character of pain or the appearance of red. Qualia are standard examples of properties that property dualists regard as irreducibly mental.
Psychophysical law: A law connecting mental states or properties with physical states or properties. Such laws can explain systematic mind–brain connections without reducing one property type to the other.
Identity theory: The view that mental states are identical to states of the brain. It rejects property dualism by identifying mental states with physical states.

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