Knowra Proteome Proteome The complete set of proteins produced or potentially produced by a cell, tissue, or organism. Its composition varies with biological conditions, unlike a genome’s relatively stable DNA sequence.
Protein : A molecule made of one or more chains of amino acids, folded into structures that perform biological functions. Proteins are the molecules whose complete cellular set defines a proteome.
Proteomics : The large-scale study of proteins, including their identities, amounts, structures, and interactions. Proteomics is the field that measures and interprets proteomes.
Biomarker : A measurable biological feature used to indicate a biological state, process, or response. Proteins whose abundance tracks disease can serve as diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers.
Transcriptome : The complete set of RNA molecules expressed by a cell, tissue, or organism under specified conditions. RNA abundance is not a direct count of proteins because translation and protein turnover intervene.
Gene expression : The process by which information in a gene is used to produce a functional RNA or protein. Changes in gene expression alter which proteins a cell produces.
Mass spectrometry : An analytical technique that identifies and measures molecules by separating ions according to their mass-to-charge ratios. It is a main tool for identifying proteins in complex samples.
Cancer proteomics : The study of protein abundance, modification, and interactions in cancer cells and tissues. Tumor proteomes can reveal altered pathways and candidate treatment targets.
Metabolome : The complete set of small-molecule metabolites in a biological system under specified conditions. It captures chemical products and substrates rather than the proteins that catalyze reactions.
Alternative splicing : The processing of a gene’s RNA into different combinations of exons, producing distinct RNA molecules. It allows one gene to contribute multiple protein forms to the proteome.
Tandem mass spectrometry : Mass spectrometry that selects ions and fragments them in stages to infer molecular structure. Fragment patterns help identify peptides and infer their parent proteins.
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