Protestant Bible

The Christian biblical canon used by Protestant traditions, typically comprising 39 books of the Old Testament and 27 of the New Testament. It differs from Catholic and Orthodox canons chiefly in its Old Testament contents.

Old Testament: The first major section of the Christian Bible, consisting of scriptures also central to Judaism. Its 39 books form the Protestant Bible’s first section.
Martin Luther: A German theologian whose writings initiated the Protestant Reformation in the early sixteenth century. His translation and canonical judgments helped shape Protestant approaches to biblical books.
Catholic Bible: The Bible canon recognized by the Catholic Church, including deuterocanonical Old Testament books. Its Old Testament contains books absent from the standard Protestant 66-book canon.
Bible translation: The rendering of biblical texts from their source languages into another language. Protestant traditions have circulated this canon through translations in many languages.
Gutenberg Bible: A Latin Bible printed by Johannes Gutenberg’s workshop around 1455, before the Protestant Reformation. Its Latin Catholic context contrasts with the vernacular Protestant Bible’s later expansion.
New Testament: The second major section of the Christian Bible, containing writings about Jesus and the early Christian movement. Its 27 books form the Protestant Bible’s second section.
Protestant Reformation: A sixteenth-century movement that challenged Roman Catholic authority and established Protestant churches. The distinct Protestant canon took shape amid this movement’s disputes about scripture.
Eastern Orthodox Bible: The biblical canon used by Eastern Orthodox churches, generally including more Old Testament books than the Protestant canon. Its broader and varying Old Testament collections contrast with the Protestant list.
Geneva Bible: An English Protestant Bible translation first published in 1560, notable for its extensive marginal notes. Its notes shaped how generations of English-speaking Protestants interpreted biblical passages.
William Tyndale: An English scholar whose Bible translations strongly influenced the English Reformation and later English Bibles. His translations supplied much of the language later used in the King James Version.

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