Proto–Three Kingdoms period

The Proto–Three Kingdoms period was an era of political consolidation on the Korean Peninsula and in adjacent regions, roughly from the first century BCE to the third century CE. It preceded the mature kingdoms of Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla.

Samhan: A collective name for the Mahan, Jinhan, and Byeonhan confederacies in southern Korea. These confederacies formed the main southern political landscape during much of this period.
Wiman Joseon: A northern Korean polity ruled by the Wiman dynasty until its conquest by Han China in 108 BCE. Its defeat reorganized northern Korea and opened the way for Han commandery rule.
Goguryeo: A Korean kingdom that emerged in the first century BCE and became a major power in Manchuria and northern Korea. Its early growth illustrates the northern path from a regional polity to a kingdom.
Three Kingdoms of Korea: The states of Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla that dominated Korean history from the fourth through seventh centuries. The period's emerging polities developed into these three durable kingdoms.
Mahan: A confederacy of communities in southwestern Korea during the early centuries CE. Mahan was one of the principal southern confederacies before Baekje's expansion.
Four Commanderies of Han: Chinese administrative districts established in parts of former Gojoseon after its conquest in 108 BCE. Their presence brought a powerful neighboring administration into the period's northern politics.
Baekje: A Korean kingdom that developed in the southwestern peninsula and became one of the Three Kingdoms. Its formation is closely tied to the transformation of communities associated with Mahan.
Goguryeo–Wei War: A series of conflicts between Goguryeo and the Chinese state of Cao Wei in the third century CE. The wars demonstrate that Goguryeo had become a substantial power by the period's end.
Jinhan: A confederacy of communities in southeastern Korea during the early centuries CE. Jinhan supplied the regional setting from which Silla developed.
Lelang Commandery: A Han Chinese commandery centered near present-day Pyongyang, established in 108 BCE and lasting until 313 CE. Lelang was a major center of diplomacy, trade, and conflict for emerging Korean polities.

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