Psychologism

Psychologism is the doctrine that logical, mathematical, or epistemic principles are grounded in or reducible to facts about human psychology. It treats features of thought as foundations for principles often claimed to hold independently of individual minds.

Anti-psychologism: The view that logical or semantic principles are not grounded in empirical facts about human psychology. It directly rejects psychologism’s claim that psychological facts can ground logical principles.
John Stuart Mill: A British philosopher and political economist whose empiricism treated mathematical truths as inductive generalizations. Mill’s account of mathematics became a prominent target for critics of psychologism.
Psychological laws: Empirical generalizations describing regularities in perception, cognition, emotion, or behavior. Psychologism treats such regularities as possible foundations for logic or epistemology.
Frege's Grundlagen: Gottlob Frege’s 1884 book that investigates the foundations of arithmetic and criticizes psychologistic explanations. Its critique helped redirect foundational inquiry from mental representations to objective logical content.
Logical Platonism: The view that logical entities or truths exist independently of human minds and practices. It offers a mind-independent account of logic against psychologistic explanations.
Bernard Bolzano: A Bohemian mathematician and philosopher who developed an objective account of propositions and logical consequence. His account anticipated a non-psychological conception of logical content.
Logical laws: Principles governing valid inference and the relations among propositions. Psychologism attempts to explain these principles through facts about human thought.
Husserl's Prolegomena to Pure Logic: The 1900 opening volume of Edmund Husserl’s Logical Investigations, which argues against psychologism in logic. It systematically argues that logical laws cannot be reduced to psychological regularities.
Naturalism: A family of views that understand reality or knowledge through natural entities, causes, and methods. Psychologism can naturalize logic by grounding it in the workings of human minds.
Gottlob Frege: A German philosopher and logician who founded modern predicate logic and defended the objectivity of logic and arithmetic. Frege made a decisive case against grounding logical laws in mental processes.

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