Pudgalavāda

Pudgalavāda was a Buddhist doctrinal movement that affirmed a person, or pudgala, as neither reducible to the five aggregates nor wholly separate from them.

Pudgala: In Pudgalavāda, the person is neither identical with the aggregates nor distinct from them. This is the movement’s central claim about the individual.
Vātsīputrīya: An early Buddhist school traditionally associated with the doctrine of the pudgala. It is commonly treated as the movement’s earliest school lineage.
Sarvāstivāda: A Buddhist school that held that dharmas exist across past, present, and future. Its analysis of dharmas differed from the Pudgalavādin account of the person.
Personal identity: The philosophical problem of what makes someone the same person over time. The pudgala offered a distinctive account of continuity without identity to aggregates.
Five aggregates: The five bundles of form, feeling, perception, formations, and consciousness used to analyze experience in Buddhism. Pudgalavādins located the person in relation to these constituents without equating the two.
Saṃmitīya: A Buddhist school that became a prominent representative of Pudgalavāda. Its later prominence helped carry the movement’s doctrines across regions.
Theravāda: A Buddhist tradition whose doctrinal lineage is preserved in the Pali canon. Theravāda arguments reject a person beyond the aggregates, notably in the Kathāvatthu.
Rebirth: The continuation of sentient existence through successive lives in Indian religious traditions. Pudgalavāda addressed how a person could persist through rebirth without a permanent self.
Anattā: The Buddhist teaching that no permanent, independent self can be found among the changing components of experience. Pudgalavāda sought to explain personal continuity without simply identifying a self with the aggregates.
Early Buddhist schools: The communities that developed distinct lineages and interpretations after the early Buddhist community divided. Pudgalavāda took shape as one distinctive position among these schools.

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