Pueblo Revolt

The 1680 uprising in which Pueblo peoples expelled Spanish colonizers from New Mexico for twelve years. It was the most successful Indigenous revolt against European colonial rule in North America.

Popé: A Tewa religious leader who coordinated the 1680 Pueblo uprising against Spanish rule. He helped organize the revolt and coordinated its launch across Pueblo communities.
Spanish Inquisition in New Mexico: The enforcement of Catholic orthodoxy by Spanish religious authorities in colonial New Mexico. Authorities persecuted Pueblo religious practices and leaders before the revolt.
Spanish reconquest of New Mexico: Spain's military campaign to reoccupy New Mexico after its expulsion in 1680. Diego de Vargas led the Spanish return beginning in 1692, ending the revolt's twelve-year independence.
Pueblo uprising of 1680: The coordinated attacks that began across Spanish New Mexico on August 10, 1680. This opening phase rapidly severed Spanish communications and isolated settlements.
Pueblo peoples: Indigenous peoples of the American Southwest whose communities include distinct languages, governments, and traditions. Their diverse communities joined a rare, region-wide campaign against Spanish rule.
Pueblo religious practices: The varied ceremonial, spiritual, and communal traditions practiced by Pueblo peoples. Spanish suppression of these traditions intensified resistance to colonial rule.
Diego de Vargas: A Spanish governor who led the reconquest and resettlement of New Mexico in the 1690s. His campaigns restored Spanish control, though not the pre-revolt system unchanged.
Siege of Santa Fe (1680): The 1680 siege in which Pueblo forces surrounded Spanish colonists at Santa Fe. The siege forced Governor Antonio de Otermín and the colonists to withdraw.
Spanish missions in New Mexico: Catholic institutions established by Spain to evangelize and govern Indigenous communities in New Mexico. Missionaries enforced religious conversion, a central grievance behind the uprising.
Francisco de Treviño: A Spanish governor of New Mexico who ordered the arrest of Pueblo religious leaders in 1675. His arrests provoked a confrontation that helped bring Popé to prominence.

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