Pulmonology
Pulmonology is the medical specialty focused on diagnosing and treating diseases of the lungs and respiratory system.
Asthma: A chronic airway disease marked by variable inflammation, narrowing, and sensitivity to triggers. Pulmonologists diagnose asthma and manage its symptoms, triggers, and long-term control.
Spirometry: A lung-function test that measures the volume and flow of air a person can breathe. Its airflow measurements help distinguish obstructive patterns and track treatment response.
Respiratory system: The organs and tissues that move air and exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide with the body. Pulmonology focuses on diseases affecting this larger breathing system.
Cardiology: The medical specialty concerned with diseases of the heart and blood vessels. Heart disease can mimic or cause breathlessness, so pulmonary and cardiac causes must be distinguished.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A progressive lung disease that restricts airflow, usually involving emphysema, chronic bronchitis, or both. COPD is a common cause of persistent breathlessness and a major focus of pulmonary care.
Pulmonary function testing: A group of tests that measure lung volumes, airflow, and gas exchange. These tests provide a broader assessment than spirometry alone.
Lung: A paired organ in the chest where oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide leaves it. Lung structure determines how many respiratory diseases impair breathing.
Otolaryngology: The medical and surgical specialty focused on the ear, nose, throat, and related structures. It treats upper-airway disorders, while pulmonology chiefly addresses the lower respiratory tract.
Interstitial lung disease: A group of disorders that cause inflammation or scarring in the tissue surrounding lung air sacs. Pulmonologists investigate its many causes and assess how scarring affects breathing.
Bronchoscopy: An endoscopic procedure that examines the airways using a thin flexible or rigid instrument. It lets pulmonologists inspect airways and collect samples from the lungs.