Punishment

Punishment is a consequence that decreases the future frequency of a behavior. In behavioral psychology, it is defined by its effect on behavior, not by whether it is intended or feels unpleasant.

Operant conditioning: A learning process in which consequences change the future frequency of behaviors. Punishment is one kind of consequence in this broader account of learning.
Extinction (psychology): A decline in a learned behavior when it no longer produces the consequence that maintained it. Extinction withholds reinforcement rather than presenting or removing a punishing consequence.
Behavior modification: The planned use of learning principles to change behavior. Punishment is one possible technique, though reinforcement-based methods are often preferred.
Punishment-induced aggression: Aggressive behavior elicited or increased by exposure to punishment. A punishing consequence can provoke aggression rather than simply suppressing the target behavior.
Positive punishment: A consequence added after a behavior that reduces its future frequency. This is punishment by adding a consequence, such as a reprimand.
Negative reinforcement: An increase in behavior caused by removing or avoiding an aversive condition. Despite its name, this process strengthens behavior rather than suppressing it.
Applied behavior analysis: The systematic application of behavioral principles to socially significant behavior. Its practice evaluates interventions by their measurable effects and considers ethical limits on punishment.
Emotional side effects of punishment: Fear, anxiety, or other emotional reactions produced by punitive consequences. These reactions can interfere with learning and become associated with the person or setting imposing punishment.
Negative punishment: A consequence removed after a behavior that reduces its future frequency. This is punishment by taking away something valued, such as a privilege.
Response cost: A procedure that removes a valued item or privilege after a behavior to reduce its future frequency. It is a specific form of negative punishment.

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